Iuliia Gorshkova

When we look at the landscape of modern software, there is a persistent narrative that the mere inclusion of a Large Language Model (LLM), specifically those based on the Generative Pre-trained Transformer architecture, constitutes a distinct product category. We see "GPT-powered" slapped onto everything from email clients to kitchen appliances. This is a fundamental misunderstanding [...]

When we talk about the architecture of modern artificial intelligence, the term "foundation model" has become almost unavoidable. It’s a label that gets applied to everything from the latest chatbot release to academic research papers, yet its meaning is often assumed rather than explained. To truly understand the landscape of large language models (LLMs), we [...]

Singapore’s reputation as a hub for technological innovation isn’t new, but the current wave of Artificial Intelligence development has placed the city-state under a particularly intense microscope. For founders and engineers looking to build in the AI space, the narrative often oscillates between two extremes: a government-funded utopia where capital flows freely and regulatory sandboxes [...]

Japan’s approach to artificial intelligence governance often feels like a quiet rebellion against the global trend toward rigid, prescriptive regulation. While the European Union moves with the deliberate weight of its AI Act, creating a comprehensive legal framework with strict prohibitions and tiered obligations, Japan has cultivated a distinct philosophy rooted in soft law. For [...]

When we discuss the global landscape of artificial intelligence regulation, the conversation often bifurcates into two distinct camps: the comprehensive, state-driven framework of the European Union with its AI Act, and the largely laissez-faire, sectoral approach of the United States. However, the Asia-Pacific region—often overlooked in these binary discussions—presents a fascinating laboratory of governance models. [...]

Most debugging sessions I’ve witnessed start with a developer staring at a single prompt, tweaking adjectives and punctuation, hoping for a different outcome. It feels intuitive—after all, the prompt is the immediate lever. But in production AI systems, this approach is not just inefficient; it’s a dead end. When you’re dealing with complex agentic workflows, [...]

There's a particular kind of panic that only arises when a system designed to be autonomous suddenly starts acting like a toddler with a credit card. You deploy an agent, perhaps a sophisticated chain of reasoning steps with access to tools, APIs, and memory. In your staging environment, it’s a marvel. It navigates complex workflows, [...]

When we talk about recursion, the classic textbook examples usually involve calculating factorials or traversing tree structures—problems that resolve in microseconds, often before you can even blink. But the real world is rarely so tidy. In production systems, recursion often manifests as long-running, stateful processes that need to persist across failures, network partitions, or even [...]

The conversation around enterprise AI procurement has shifted dramatically over the past eighteen months. It’s no longer enough for a vendor to present a slick demo or a benchmark score that looks impressive on a slide deck. The questions being asked in boardrooms and procurement meetings are sharper, more skeptical, and rooted in a fundamental [...]

Most engineering teams have a well-worn playbook for managing technical debt in traditional software systems. We track it in Jira, schedule refactoring sprints, and argue about legacy monoliths over coffee. The patterns are familiar: brittle dependencies, insufficient test coverage, and outdated documentation. But when we shift our gaze to artificial intelligence systems—specifically those powered by [...]

There’s a persistent dream in technology, a kind of engineering folklore, that suggests the perfect system is one that transcends borders. We imagine a single, monolithic application—a global brain—trained on the vast sum of human knowledge, deployed once, and serving everyone equally. In the world of Artificial Intelligence, this dream is particularly seductive. It promises [...]

Building AI systems that operate across borders feels less like engineering and more like navigating a labyrinth where the walls keep moving. One quarter, the EU's GDPR demands strict data minimization and explicit consent mechanisms; the next, California's CPRA expands consumer rights to include automated decision-making; meanwhile, China's PIPL requires data localization and security assessments [...]

In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, providing AI models as a service—commonly referred to as Model as a Service (MaaS)—has become an increasingly prevalent business model. Enterprises and startups alike are eager to harness the power of advanced machine learning without the overhead of building and maintaining complex models internally. However, this convenience [...]

Keeping pace with the global regulatory landscape for artificial intelligence feels less like tracking legislation and more like monitoring seismic activity. The tremors this quarter weren't just about new drafts or theoretical frameworks; they were about the ground beginning to settle under the weight of enforceable rules. For product teams, the era of "move fast [...]

The conversation around artificial intelligence and its impact on the workforce often feels stuck in a binary debate: either robots are coming for all our jobs, or they are merely productivity tools that will make us all more efficient. The reality, as usual, sits somewhere in the messy middle, and it is disproportionately affecting those [...]

The conversation around artificial intelligence often centers on the models themselves—the architecture of transformers, the efficiency of attention mechanisms, or the sheer scale of parameters in the latest release. Yet, as the industry matures, a different kind of infrastructure is solidifying beneath the code. We are witnessing a fundamental shift from purely experimental research to [...]

The conversation around artificial intelligence and the future of work often oscillates between dystopian fears of mass unemployment and utopian visions of effortless abundance. Both extremes miss the nuanced reality unfolding in industries right now. AI isn't a wrecking ball swinging at the foundations of professional life; it's a chisel, reshaping the contours of what [...]

It’s a strange feeling to watch a tool you’ve spent years mastering suddenly become a commodity. For many in the tech world, the last couple of years have felt like a slow-motion earthquake. We’re not just seeing new tools; we’re witnessing a fundamental reshaping of the daily labor of knowledge work. The conversation often gets [...]

What you actually get when you drop anywhere from Tesla money to university endowment cash on a walking, talking machine Buying a humanoid robot today isn't science fiction—it's a budget decision. Prices range from the cost of a luxury car to the budget of a small university department. But what exactly do you get for [...]

When we talk about recursive reasoning in AI, our minds typically jump to language models processing text—breaking down complex queries into smaller, verifiable steps. But this mental model is incomplete. The real frontier lies in extending these recursive decomposition strategies to multimodal domains where perception, reasoning, and action converge. Vision, audio, and robotics present unique [...]

When we talk about large language models, the conversation often drifts into a fog of anthropomorphism. We say the model "thinks," "understands," or "remembers." While these metaphors are useful for casual conversation, they collapse under the weight of engineering rigor. To build robust systems, we need to strip away the magic and look at the [...]

There's a quiet but decisive shift happening in the world of artificial intelligence, and it’s emanating from Beijing. While the headlines often focus on model capabilities or funding rounds, the real structural changes are occurring in the dry, yet critical, realm of technical standards. China is currently in the midst of a massive, state-driven push [...]

There's a quiet revolution happening in the open-source AI space, and it’s emanating from labs that, until recently, were largely peripheral to the Western-dominated narrative of large language model development. We are witnessing an influx of high-performing, open-weight models originating from China—models like Qwen, DeepSeek, and Yi—released under licenses that seem remarkably permissive. For a [...]

If you’ve spent any time tinkering with large language models deployed within mainland China, you’ve probably noticed something subtle but pervasive. The behavior isn’t just about raw intelligence or benchmark scores; there’s a distinct "feel" to the output. It’s a texture of restraint, a specific shape to the refusal messages, and a heavy reliance on [...]

Artificial intelligence has already woven itself into the fabric of modern legal practice. From e-discovery tools that sift through terabytes of data, to machine learning models predicting recidivism, the legal sector has embraced AI’s promise of efficiency and insight. Yet, alongside these benefits, a complex web of risks is emerging—none more pressing than the potential [...]

The landscape of large language models has evolved dramatically over the past few years, moving from a Western-dominated sphere to a vibrant, competitive ecosystem in China. While models like GPT-4 and Claude often dominate global headlines, the domestic Chinese market has fostered its own giants, each with distinct architectural philosophies and strategic focuses. Baidu’s Ernie, [...]

When we talk about the trajectory of artificial intelligence in the consumer electronics space, the narrative often bifurcates. On one side, we have the titans of Silicon Valley pushing the boundaries of massive, cloud-hosted Large Language Models (LLMs) that require gigawatt-scale data centers. On the other, a quieter, arguably more pragmatic revolution is taking place [...]